Device for Detecting the Grip Pattern When Playing a Bowed Instrument, and Bowed Instrument Comprising Such a Device

ABSTRACT

A device for detecting the grip pattern when playing a bowed instrument, having a sensor film arrangeable on the fingerboard for detecting the grip pattern. The sensor film is formed from at least one resistance layer, a conductive layer and a spacer layer arranged in-between, and having an evaluation circuit, by which evaluation circuit the resistance changes of the sensor film caused by the grip pattern are able to be detected. The resistance layer is divided into a number of resistance tracks corresponding to the number of strings of the bowed instrument. The width of each resistance track is formed increasing from one end of the sensor film to the other end of the sensor film, and the upper layer of the sensor film is formed by the conductive layer, and the sensor film has a curvature, corresponding to the arch of the fingerboard.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present teaching relates to a device for detecting the grip patternwhen playing a bowed instrument having at least two strings, which arestretched between a scroll and a bridge over an arched fingerboard,having a sensor film arrangeable on the fingerboard for detecting thegrip pattern, which sensor film is formed from at least one resistancelayer, a conductive layer and a spacer layer arranged in-between, andhaving an evaluation circuit connected to the sensor film, by whichevaluation circuit the resistance changes of the sensor film caused bythe grip pattern are able to be detected. The present teaching alsorelates to a bowed instrument, in particular a violin, having at leasttwo strings stretched over an arched fingerboard between a scroll and abridge, with such a device.

BACKGROUND

From the prior art, devices are known for detecting the finger positionin bowed instruments, the central element of which is a sensor filmplaced on the fingerboard. For example, the sensor film consists ofprinted conductor tracks, one under each string of the bowed instrument,a Velostat layer placed thereabove, and a spacer layer, which is formedfrom strips arranged between the conductor tracks. During playing of thebowed instrument, a contact is produced between the Velostat layer andthe conductor track by the pressure of the fingers onto the fingerboard.A resistance value, dependent of the finger position, can be measuredvia a corresponding electric circuit, by means of a voltage measurementwith impressed current. The measurement of the resistance values usuallytakes place chronologically in succession. The thickness of the sensorfilm, which excludes a placing on the bowed instrument owing to thesmall distance between strings and fingerboard, frequently presents aproblem. For the placing of such a sensor film, a raising of the saddleor respectively a lower arrangement of the fingerboard itself would benecessary which, however, could lead to an impairment of the instrumentand therefore of the feel when played.

In US 2009/0260508 A1 a device is illustrated for detecting the grippatterns when playing a musical instrument having a fingerboard. Theelectronic fingerboard comprises a conductive layer, a resistance layerand a spacer layer arranged in-between. The played note is establishedby the resistance of the resistance layer, which is defined by thefinger position on the fingerboard. An application on bowed instrumentswhich have a curvature of the fingerboard in a direction transversely tothe longitudinal direction is not described.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,117,730 A describes an electronic device for use in abowed instrument, wherein sensors with resistance tracks are arrangedfor detecting the grip pattern on the fingerboard.

SUMMARY

One problem of the present teaching consists in the creation of a devicefor detecting the grip pattern when playing a bowed instrument, and abowed instrument comprising such a device, by which as precise and rapida detection of the grip pattern as possible is enabled, and which doesnot bring about any negative influence when playing the musicalinstrument. Disadvantages of the prior art are to be eliminated or atleast improved.

This problem is solved by an above-mentioned device, wherein the lowerlayer of the sensor film, facing the fingerboard in mounted state, isformed by the resistance layer, which resistance layer is divided into anumber of resistance tracks corresponding to the number of strings ofthe bowed instrument, wherein the width of each resistance track isformed increasing from one end of the sensor film, which in the mountedstate faces the scroll, to the other end of the sensor film, which inthe mounted state faces the bridge, and the upper layer of the sensorfilm, facing away from the fingerboard in the mounted state, is formedby the conductive layer, and the sensor film has a curvature,corresponding to the arch of the fingerboard, in a directiontransversely to the longitudinal direction.

The advantage of this embodiment with a resistance layer divided intoindividual resistance tracks lies in that the grip pattern of all thestrings can be detected simultaneously, and the resistance of eachresistance track can be read simultaneously. The subject of the presentteaching enables a precise and rapid measurement of the grip pattern orrespectively of the positions of the fingers on each individual stringand prevents a possible influencing of the measurements at theindividual strings with respect to one another, as the resistance tracksare separated from one another.

The embodiment of the individual resistance tracks, according to thepresent teaching, which have an increasing width in the course from thescroll to the bridge of the bowed instrument, has the advantage that alarger contact area is available for detecting the finger positions inthe range of higher notes, where a greater transversal movement ordeflection of the strings is common. Through the wider contact area inthe region of the fingerboard, which lies nearer to the bridge, it ispossible to also detect grips in which the finger positions on thefingerboard are displaced transversely to the string.

Through the fact that the prefabricated sensor film already has acurvature, corresponding to the arch of the fingerboard, in a directiontransversely to the longitudinal direction, it can be guaranteed thatalso with a mounted sensor film a substantially constant distanceresults between the resistance tracks and the conductor track intransverse direction. Thereby, the sensor film can be embodied to beparticularly thin, whereby a subsequent placing on the bowed instrumentis possible without a negative influence for the musician and theinstrument. If the sensor film were prefabricated flat, on applying ontothe arched fingerboard tensions and different distances between thelayers of the sensor film result, up to possible short-circuits betweenthe conductive layer and the resistance tracks. In order to prevent suchshort-circuits, the spacers between the conductive layer and theresistance layer would have to be embodied thicker, whereby the overallthickness of the sensor film would be increased. Through the arch of thesensor film according to the present teaching, which is already takeninto consideration in the manufacture, the mentioned disadvantages canbe prevented that the spacers can be embodied thinner, without a risk ofshort-circuits or unwanted contact-connections of the conductive layerwith the resistance layer.

The detection device which is represented can be used, on the one hand,to achieve via the determined grip pattern a real time control ofvirtual and synthetic sounds, and for the real time recording of pitchesin the common software programs for digital notation. On the other hand,the detection device according to the present teaching can also be usedfor training purposes, in order to generate feedback to the fingeredpitches. A combination of the detection device with a learning software,designed for this, on a personal computer, is also conceivable, whichcan facilitate a detecting of the grip pattern on the instrument.

In a preferred embodiment, the device has an evaluation circuit withseveral inputs, the number of which corresponds at least to the numberof resistance tracks which serve for the parallel connection of theindividual resistance tracks of the sensor film with the evaluationcircuit and enable a parallel processing of the grip pattern. Throughthe parallel evaluation of the individual resistance tracks in theevaluation circuit, the positions of the individual fingers can bedetected simultaneously without use of a multiplexer. Thereby, thedetection speed can be increased and a detection of the grip pattern canbe achieved quasi in real time.

Advantageously, the sensor film has in longitudinal direction a partialregion which has a smaller thickness than the thickness of the remainingsensor film, The partial region with smaller thickness is preferablysituated at the region of the sensor film facing the scroll. Usually,through the very small distance between string and fingerboard of abowed instrument, minimal space is available for the sensor film in theregion of the scroll. The smaller height of the sensor film in thispartial region facilitates the subsequent arranging of the sensor filmon the fingerboard, without further structural provisions (for example araising of the saddle) being necessary, which can influence thecharacteristics when playing the bowed instrument.

In an embodiment, the partial region of the sensor film with smallerthickness is formed by a thinner spacer layer, which is able to beimplemented particularly easily and at a favourable cost with regard tomanufacturing technology.

In an alternative embodiment, the sensor film has a thickness decreasinglinearly from the scroll in the direction of the bridge. This indeedincreases the manufacturing effort through the specially configuredspacer layers, but enables an optimum adaptation to the geometricconditions of the bowed instrument and an optimum detection of the grippattern.

In a preferred embodiment of the detection device, the width of eachresistance track of the sensor film is formed increasing linearly fromone end of the sensor film, which in the mounted state faces the scroll,to the other end of the sensor film, which in the mounted state facesthe bridge. This facilitates the manufacture, as the strips of thespacer layer, which establish the distance between the conductive layerand the resistance layer, can be embodied straight. In addition, in thisway a simpler correlation can be achieved between the resistance of theresistance layer and the finger position. This non-linear relationshipbetween the measured resistance values to the respective finger positionand thus to the resulting frequency of the respective string can belinearized with corresponding correction tables or functions.

Preferably, the resistance layer of the sensor film contains carbon.This has the advantage, compared to a piezoresistive material, that theresistance value is independent of pressure. Thereby, a more precisedetection of the finger position is possible, as the resistance value isbetter able to be reproduced.

Advantageously, the conductive layer of the sensor film consists ofsilver or contains silver. Through the characteristic high conductivityof silver, the conductive layer still has a low resistance value evenwith a very small layer thickness.

In a preferred embodiment of the device, the spacer layer of the sensorfilm consists of individual strips of plastic, in particular polyimideor polyamide, which are preferably provided with an adhesive layer onboth sides. These individual strips are placed between the conductortracks. An advantage of these strips made of plastic is that thereby thenecessary insulation between resistance layer and conductive layer canbe produced in a simple manner. Furthermore, such materials arefavourably priced and are able to be processed easily.

In a further embodiment, carbon is applied onto one side of theconductive layer. The carbon is applied here on the side which liesopposite the side which is coated with a conductive material. Atransparent cover layer is preferably placed onto this outer carbonlayer. Thereby, the appearance of the surface of the fingerboard of thebowed instrument is not substantially influenced by the sensor filmwhich is arranged thereon.

Preferably, an adhesive layer is arranged on the resistance layer of thesensor film facing the fingerboard in the mounted state, which adhesivelayer enables the sensor film to be placed rapidly, easily, uniformlyand in a flat manner on the fingerboard. With a choice of suitableadhesives, the sensor film can also be removed from the fingerboardagain without leaving a residue.

In order to alter the feel for the instrument as little as possibleduring playing, it is advantageous if the sensor film has a minimalthickness less than 0.7 mm, preferably less than 0.5 mm, particularlypreferably less than 0.35 mm. In particular in the partial region of thefingerboard facing the scroll, the use of a particularly thin sensorfilm is important.

According to a further feature of the present teaching, the evaluationcircuit contains a microcontroller. Thereby, it is possible to directlypreprocess the detected resistance values.

In addition, the evaluation circuit can be connected to a transmitter,which transmits the detected resistance values to a correspondingreceiver. The transmitter can be embodied here for example as aBluetooth®—or Wifi—transmitter, which can be already integrated in themicrocontroller. The transmitted data can be transmitted therewith to anexternal apparatus and further processed or recorded, or they can betransmitted to an audio output apparatus for direct playing.

Advantageously, the evaluation circuit is additionally connected to aninterface for the transfer of the data from the evaluation circuit orfor the programming of individual parts of the evaluation circuit, inparticular of the microcontroller.

In a further embodiment, a motion sensor is provided for detection ofthe translatory motion, in particular a 3D gyroscope, and is connectedto the evaluation circuit. Thereby, in addition to the played music, themotion of the instrument, and thus of the player, can be recorded.Thereby, a player can be given additional feedback concerning hismovement whilst playing.

According to a further feature, a microphone, in particular a contactmicrophone, is provided and is connected to the evaluation circuit. Theplayed music can be recorded by the microphone and can be used to checkthe grips recorded by the sensor film, and hence notes, or also tocalibrate the sensor film.

The problem according to the present teaching is also solved by anabove-mentioned bowed instrument, in particular a violin, having atleast two strings stretched over an arched fingerboard between a scrolland a bridge, in which an above-mentioned device is provided fordetecting the grip pattern when playing. Such a bowed instrument has theadvantage that the detected grip patterns which occur during playing canbe detected particularly rapidly, at most with a very slight time delay,quasi in real time, as the information concerning the played note isdetermined with the pressure of the fingers onto the fingerboard and notthrough the digitally complex conventional pitch detection mechanisms.This can greatly reduce the delay time between the playing and theplayback in the controlling of virtual or respectively synthetic sounds,which leads to an improved experience for the listeners. Concerning thefurther advantages which are able to be achieved, reference is to bemade to the above description of the detection device.

Advantageously, the sensor film is stuck to the fingerboard. Thisenables a simple subsequent production of the bowed instrument which isequipped with the detection device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present teaching is additionally explained further below with theaid of particularly preferred example embodiments, to which it is not tobe restricted, however, and with reference to the drawings. The drawingsshow in detail:

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an exploded illustration of the sensorfilm;

FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a top view onto the resistance layer ofthe sensor film;

FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a section through the sensor film,transversely to the longitudinal direction;

FIG. 4A schematically illustrates a section through a sensor film with athickness running in a stepped manner in longitudinal direction;

FIG. 4B schematically illustrates a section through a sensor film withlinear course of the thickness in longitudinal direction;

FIG. 5 schematically illustrates a sensor film prefabricated in a curvedmanner;

FIG. 6 illustrates a block diagram of an embodiment of the detectiondevice; and

FIG. 7 illustrates a violin with a device according to the presentteaching for detecting the grip pattern.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 shows an exploded illustration of the sensor film 2 for detectingthe grip pattern when playing a bowed instrument 40 (see FIG. 7 ). Thesensor film 2 consists at least of a conductive layer 5, spacer layer 6and resistance layer 4. Optionally, in addition an adhesive layer 20 anda preferably transparent cover layer 13 can be included (see also FIG. 3). The connection of the sensor film 2 takes place via a contacting lug21. The illustrated sensor film 2 is formed for the arrangement on abowed instrument 40 with four strings and therefore has four resistancetracks 11 corresponding to the number of strings. The resistance layer 4comprises for example a polyester film 26, onto which the resistancetracks 11 of the resistance layer 4 are placed. The spacer layer 6consists of several plastic strips 31. Recesses 28 are arranged betweenthe plastic strips 31, which recesses correspond to the shape and sizeof the resistance tracks 11. The spacer layer 6 can, in addition, have asmall recess 29 for the contacting point 24, so that the latter can beconnected to the conductive layer 5. The longitudinal direction 16 ofthe sensor film 2 is marked in the drawing, for orientation.

FIG. 2 shows a top view of the resistance layer 4 with the printedresistance tracks 11, which preferably contain carbon 27. The width b,of the individual resistance tracks 11 is embodied increasing from thenarrower end 3 of the sensor film 2, which in the mounted state facesthe scroll 43 of the bowed instrument 40 (see FIG. 7 ), to the wider end3′, which in the mounted state faces the bridge 44 of the bowedinstrument 40 (see FIG. 7 ). The width of the regions between theresistance tracks 11 remains constant here. Especially in the region ofthe strings 41, in which a greater clearance is present for a transversemovement of the string 41 (that is the region, situated nearer to thebridge 44, at the end 3′ of the sensor film 2), the wider embodiment ofthe resistance tracks 11 is advantageous and finger positions can alsobe detected which are displaced transversely to the normal position ofthe string 41. Through the non-constant width b, of the resistancetracks 11, it is advantageous, for a linear correlation of theresistance values as a function of the respective grip position and thusfrequency of the respective note produced by the string 41, to carry outa calibration or respectively a linearization. Here, for example, forall resistance tracks 11 the resistance values can be recorded andstored as a function of all or several possible grip positions andpitches which are able to be achieved thereby. By taking intoconsideration this non-linear correlation in the evaluation of therespective grip position, the course of the resistance to the respectivegrip position can be linearized. For this, on each string 41 any desirednote is played and its frequency is detected for example with amicrophone 9. This frequency is assigned to the finger position and thusto the length of the freely vibrating string 41. On the basis of thisknown frequency, the frequencies of all the other finger positions canbe calculated. The contacting lug 21, described above, can also be seen.This has six outputs 23, wherein four of the outputs are connected tothe four resistance tracks 11 via conductor tracks 22. In theillustrated example embodiment, an output 23 is not contacted and thesixth output 23 is connected to the silver coating 25 of the conductivelayer 5 via the contacting point 24.

FIG. 3 shows a section through the sensor film 2 transversely to thelongitudinal direction 16, wherein the proportions which are shown donot correspond to reality, but rather serve for better demonstration.The illustrated embodiment of the sensor film 2 has an adhesive layer20, thereabove the resistance layer 4 of the resistance tracks 11 ofcarbon 27 is situated, which can be applied on a polyester layer 26.Between the resistance tracks 11, individual plastic strips 31 arearranged in the spacer layer 6, which are preferably provided with anadhesive layer 34 on both sides. The conductive layer 5 is situatedthereabove, which is provided on its underside with a silver coating 25and on its upper side with a carbon layer 30. A transparent cover layer13 can be arranged over the carbon layer 30. The strings 42 of a bowedinstrument 40 are illustrated over the sensor film 2.

FIGS. 4A and 4B show respectively a section through a sensor film 2 inlongitudinal direction 16. FIG. 4A shows here a sensor film 2 with twopartial regions, wherein a partial region 17 has a smaller thickness d′than the thickness d of the remaining sensor film 2. The transition 32takes place here in a stepped manner and results through a steppedchange in the thickness of the spacer layer 6. FIG. 4B likewise showsthe section through a sensor film 2 in longitudinal direction 16. Inthis embodiment, the thickness of the sensor film 2 is configured in alinearly decreasing manner from the end 3′ to the end 3. The string 42of a bowed instrument 40 is illustrated above the sensor film 2.

FIG. 5 shows a sensor film 2, prefabricated in a curved manner. Thefingerboard 42 of a bowed instrument 40 is illustrated under the sensorfilm 2. In order to enable a curvature corresponding to the arch of thefingerboard 42 already during the manufacture of the sensor film 2, forexample firstly the resistance layer 4 and the spacer layer 6 areconnected to one another. In the next step, the conductive layer 5 isconnected to the spacer layer 6 at a lateral edge in longitudinaldirection 16. Thereafter, the lower part of the sensor film 2(consisting of resistance layer 4 and spacer layer 6) is applied onto asubstrate, for example by a detachable adhesion, postformed to thefingerboard 42 of a bowed instrument 40. In a final step, the conductivelayer 5 is connected, in particular stuck, to the spacer layer 6, andany remaining overhang is separated off. After this prefabricating, thesensor film 2 has a desired curvature which corresponds to the arch ofthe fingerboard 42. Thereby, in transverse direction of the sensor film2 a substantially constant distance is achieved between resistance layer4 and conductive layer 5 and thus identical characteristics of thesensor film 2 over the entire width. The sensor film 2 which is producedin such a way can be placed on the fingerboard 42, in particular stuckthereto, and is substantially tension-free in this curved state.

FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of the device 1 for detecting the grippattern when playing a bowed instrument 40. The resistance tracks 11 ofthe resistance layer 4 are connected here respectively separately withinputs 19 of the evaluation circuit 7. The conductive layer 5 is alsoconnected to the evaluation circuit 7. A microcontroller 10 is situatedas central element in the evaluation circuit 7, wherein each of the fourresistance tracks 11 (illustrated here) is connected to respectively aninput 33 of the microcontroller 10 via the evaluation circuit 7.Thereby, a parallel evaluation of the individual resistances ispossible. Furthermore, a transmitter 14, an interface 15, a motionsensor 8 or a microphone 9 can be connected to the evaluation circuit 7or respectively to the microcontroller 10. The transmitter 14 can serveto transmit the data, determined by the device 1, to correspondingexternal receivers for recording or further processing. Likewise, theinterface 15 can serve for data transmission, but also for programmingthe microcontroller 10. A motion sensor 8 connected to the evaluationcircuit 7 can be used for recording the movement of the bowed instrument40, and thus of the player. The player can thereby be given furtherfeedback concerning his playing style. The microphone 9 can be used fordetermining the played notes. By means of the notes recorded with themicrophone 9 the grips, determined via the sensor film 2, can be checkedor the entire device 1 can be calibrated or respectively the resistancecharacteristic can be linearized.

FIG. 7 shows a bowed instrument 40, in this case a violin, having adevice 1 according to the present teaching for detecting the grippattern. The sensor film 2 is applied on the fingerboard 42. The sensorfilm 2 has resistance tracks 11 which become wider running linearly fromthe scroll 43 in the direction of the bridge 44. The resistance tracks11 run in a straight line under the strings 41 of the bowed instrument40. The evaluation circuit 7 is placed on the resonance body 45 of thebowed instrument 40 under the fingerboard 42, close to the bridge 44,but can also be placed in the resonance body. Likewise, a microphone 9(not illustrated here), which is connected to the evaluation circuit 7,can be placed on or in the resonance body. The volume and the frequencyof the played notes can be recorded with the microphone 9. Theevaluation circuit 7 is connected to the sensor film 2 via thecontacting lug 21 (see also FIG. 1 ).

1. A device for detecting grip pattern when playing a bowed instrument,having; at least two strings, which are stretched between a scroll and abridge over an arched fingerboard, a sensor film, arrangeable on thefingerboard for detecting the grip pattern, which sensor film is formedfrom at least one resistance layer, a conductive layer and a spacerlayer arranged in-between, and an evaluation circuit, connected to thesensor film by which evaluation circuit the resistance changes of thesensor film caused by the grip pattern are able to be detected, whereinthe lower layer of the sensor film, facing the fingerboard in mountedstate, is formed by the resistance layer, which resistance layer isdivided into a number of resistance tracks corresponding to the numberof strings of the bowed instrument, the upper layer of the sensor film,facing away from the finger board in the mounted state, is formed by theconductive layer, a width of each resistance track is formed increasinglinearly from one end of the sensor film, which in the mounted statefaces the scroll, to the other end of the sensor film, which in themounted state faces the bridge, the sensor film has a curvature,corresponding to the arch of the fingerboard, in a directiontransversely to the longitudinal direction, so that in transversedirection of the sensor film a substantially constant distance resultsbetween the resistance tracks and the conductive layer, and theevaluation circuit has several inputs for parallel connection to eachresistance track of the sensor film and for parallel processing of thegrip pattern.
 2. The device according to claim 1, wherein the sensorfilm has in longitudinal direction a partial region which has a smallerthickness than the thickness of the remaining sensor film.
 3. The deviceaccording to claim 2, wherein the partial region of the sensor film withthe smaller thickness is formed by a thinner spacer layer.
 4. The deviceaccording to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the sensor film is formeddecreasing linearly from an end of the sensor film, which in the mountedstate faces the scroll, to the other end of the sensor film, which inthe mounted state faces the bridge.
 5. The device according to claim 1,wherein the resistance layer of the sensor film contains carbon.
 6. Thedevice according to claim 1, wherein the conductive layer of the sensorfilm contains silver.
 7. The device according to claim 1, wherein thespacer layer of the sensor film consists of individual strips ofplastic, and is provided with an adhesive layer on both sides.
 8. Thedevice according to claim 1, wherein a transparent cover layer isarranged over the conductive layer.
 9. The device according to claim 1,wherein an adhesive layer is arranged on the resistance layer of thesensor film facing the fingerboard in the mounted state.
 10. The deviceaccording to claim 1, wherein the sensor film has a minimal thicknessless than 0.7 mm.
 11. The device according to claim 1, wherein theevaluation circuit contains a microcontroller.
 12. The device accordingto claim 1, wherein the evaluation circuit is connected to atransmitter.
 13. The device according to claim 1, wherein the evaluationcircuit is connected to an interface.
 14. The device according to claim1, wherein a motion sensor is provided for detection of the translatorymovement, and is connected to the evaluation circuit.
 15. The deviceaccording to claim 1, wherein a microphone is provided and is connectedto the evaluation circuit.
 16. A bowed instrument having at least twostrings stretched over an arched fingerboard between a scroll and abridge wherein a device according to claim 1 is provided for detectinggrip pattern when playing the bowed instrument.
 17. The bowed instrumentaccording to claim 16, wherein the sensor film is stuck on thefingerboard.
 18. The device according to claim 1, wherein the sensorfilm has a minimal thickness less than 0.35 mm.
 19. The device accordingto claim 1, wherein the individual strips of plastic comprise polyimideor polyamide.
 20. A violine, comprising: at least two strings stretchedover an arched fingerboard between a scroll and a bridge, and a deviceaccording to claim 1 for detecting grip pattern when playing the violin.